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Training Corsets Biography
In the public mind, forensic science means cutting-edge technology: well-equipped professionals performing complex experiments in glossy laboratories, as in CSI or Silent Witness. In fact, the real story of forensics is full of courtroom disasters, eccentric pioneers, crowd-pleasing showmen and dangerous (sometimes fatal) research.
For years, authorities and individuals have known that there was more to crime than just testimony: that the scene of the crime, or a murder weapon, or even a few drops of blood, could also bear witness to the truth. The first recorded use of forensics in the solution of a crime comes from a Chinese handbook for coroners called The Washing Away of Wrongs, produced in 1247. One of the many case studies it contains follows the investigation of a roadside stabbing. The coroner examined the slashes on the victim's body, then tested an assortment of blades on a cow carcass. He concluded that the murder weapon was a sickle. But knowing what caused the wounds was a long way from identifying whose hand had wielded the blade, so he turned to possible motives. The victim's possessions were intact, which ruled out robbery. According to his widow, he had no enemies. The best lead was the revelation that the victim hadn't been able to satisfy a man who had recently demanded the repayment of a debt.
The coroner accused the moneylender, who denied the charge. But, tenacious as any TV detective, he ordered all 70 adults in the neighbourhood to stand in a line, their sickles at their feet. There were no visible traces of blood on any of the sickles. But within seconds a fly landed enthusiastically on the moneylender's blade, attracted by minute traces of blood. A second fly followed, then another. When confronted again by the coroner, the moneylender gave a full confession. He'd tried to clean his blade, but his attempt at concealment had been foiled by the insect informers humming quietly at his feet.The Washing Away of Wrongs was being carried to crime scenes by Chinese officials as recently as the last century. The west took longer to recognise the forensic benefits of entomology. But in Britain in 1935, scientists would rely on insects brought to the crime scene to help solve one of the most notorious murders in British criminal history. The case was a sensation, filling column after column of newsprint.
On 29 September, two women were walking across a bridge over a ravine near Moffat on the road from Carlisle to Edinburgh when, horrified, they realised they were looking at a human arm sticking up from the bank of the stream below. When the police arrived on the scene they found 30 bloody packages containing body parts wrapped in newspaper; 70 parts were eventually recovered, from two different corpses. They had almost certainly been butchered to prevent identification – the fingertips had been cut off – and the job had been done by someone who knew about human anatomy.
Some maggots were found feeding on the decomposing parts, and were sent off to the University of Edinburgh. There, the entomologists identified them as a particular kind of blowfly, and used the insect evidence to narrow down the time since the body parts had been dumped to between 10 and 12 days. The time span suggested a possible identity for the corpses. Isabella Ruxton, the wife of Buck Ruxton, a popular local doctor, had recently disappeared, along with their 19-year-old maid, Mary Rogerson. Ruxton maintained Isabella had run off with a lover, and that it had not been a happy household: Ruxton constantly accused his wife of infidelity, provoking blazing rows.
Some of the body parts had been wrapped in a special pullout section of the Sunday Graphic newspaper, distributed only in the Lancaster/Morecambe area. Some were wrapped in clothes belonging to the Ruxton children. Then, a cyclist came forward: he'd been knocked down by a car on the same day, and had scribbled down the number plate. It belonged to Ruxton's car. And the stream had flooded on 19 September, carrying some of the body parts high up on to the banks: so the packages must have been dumped before then.
Ruxton was found guilty of the so-called "Jigsaw Murders" and was hanged at Strangeways prison in Manchester; it is most likely that he strangled his wife. The maid died from having her throat cut, probably to silence her after she discovered his crime. The insect evidence was just one tile in a mosaic that spelled out the murderer's guilt. But the success of the combination of methods used in the case led to increased public and professional trust in the capabilities of forensic science. Even if Ruxton had wrapped the diced parts of his victims in bags rather than sections of the local paper, even if his car hadn't hit a bicycle, even if the stream hadn't burst its banks, the maggots would still have pointed to him.
Leutgart Murder Case
When they were first developed, techniques such as fingerprinting and forensic anthropology were often regarded as dangerously unreliable pseudoscience. It often took a major court case for them to prove their worth. For forensic anthropology – now part of crime-scene investigations of everything from paedophile rings to genocides – the break came in the form of the Leutgert Murder Case.
Adolph Leutgert had emigrated to Chicago from Germany as a penniless 21-year-old in 1866. For 15 years he worked odd jobs at tanneries and removal companies; eventually he raised enough money to build a factory and he set up the AL Leutgert Sausage & Packing Company. Sausages from the factory were soon distributed all over the city and beyond, earning Leutgert the title of "The Sausage King of Chicago".
On 1 May 1897 he went out for a stroll with his wife, the petite and attractive Louisa. But though an eyewitness told them that he'd seen them entering the sausage factory at 10.30, only Adolph returned home. Alerted by Louisa's family, the police soon arrived at the grounds, where they noticed a peculiar smell coming from a large vat used for steaming sausages. Peering into the vat, the officers noticed sludge at the bottom, which one described as having a "very sickening" smell, "something dead around it'. In the sludge, they found a wedding ring, and another ring engraved with "LL". Inside a nearby furnace, they found some small pieces of what looked like bone, and a piece of burned corset.
As the media went wild and sausage sales plummeted across America, Leutgert was put on trial at the Cook County courthouse in the summer of the same year. And an anthropologist – George Dorsey – was called in to testify that the bones found in the furnace were human, and that they included bones from the foot, finger, ribcage, toe and skull of a woman.
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